When should you have a colonoscopy ?

Gastroenterology

When should you have a colonoscopy ?

A colonoscopy is an important screening test that visualises the large intestine using a tiny camera. It helps detect and remove benign growths or early cancers, enabling better colorectal health outcomes.

General guidelines advise that those at average risk start regular colonoscopy screening at age 50 until at least 75. The frequency varies between every 10 years or more often depending on screening history and what is found. Earlier or more frequent surveillance is warranted if you have a family history of colorectal issues or relevant symptoms.

In any age group, a colonoscopy is strongly recommended if worrying digestive red flags arise. These include rectal bleeding, iron deficiency anaemia, persistent diarrhoea or constipation, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss or positive faecal blood. Do not hesitate to consult your GP regarding a colonoscopy if you experience these. Acting quickly maximises the chances of early treatment if any abnormalities exist.

Finally, your doctor may suggest repeat short interval colonoscopies if precancerous polyps were found, or previous colon or rectal cancer exists. This tighter surveillance enables optimal monitoring and prevention.

In summary, from your 50s onwards or if concerning digestive symptoms appear, a timely colonoscopy is critical for ruling out problems and maintaining bowel health. Discussing risk factors with your doctor ensures appropriate screening recommendations.

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Should I Be Sedated for a Gastroscopy?

Gastroenterology

Should you opt for sedation during a gastroscopy ?

A gastroscopy, also known as an upper endoscopy, allows visual examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. During this procedure, an endoscope (small camera) is passed through the mouth to provide gastrointestinal images. As this can cause some discomfort, you may wonder whether sedation is advisable.

For many patients, gastroscopy is easily tolerable without sedation. Sensations of pressure and fullness may occur when the scope passes through, but serious pain is uncommon. Being able to follow instructions also enables quicker procedures.

However, anxious patients or those worried about discomfort may benefit from sedation. Though uncommon, some also experience painful gastroscopies due to gastrointestinal strictures or anatomical sensitivities. Sedation can ease any unpleasant sensations in these cases. It allows patients to relax through quicker procedures as well.

The option exists for conscious sedation with a mild sedative and pain relief medication. This causes drowsiness but patients can still follow commands if needed. It avoids risks of deeper sedation while minimising discomfort. Discuss the pros and cons with your endoscopist to determine if conscious sedation suits your situation.

In summary, for most routine gastroscopies sedation is helpful but not always necessary. It can allow relaxation and ease pain when required. Consider your personal factors before deciding whether to opt for conscious sedation.

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Is an abdominal ultrasound painful ?

Gastroenterology

Is an abdominal ultrasound painful ?

An abdominal ultrasound is a safe, common imaging test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the organs and structures in the abdomen. It is an important and non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing a wide range of gastrointestinal issues.

The test itself does not hurt. Ultrasound technology relies on soundwave emission from a handheld probe placed on the skin rather than radiation, making it a painless procedure with no known harmful effects. Any discomfort is usually minimal. Patients remain fully clothed and only need to expose the area being examined.

The sonographer may apply some pressure with the ultrasound probe to get clearer images, which could feel briefly uncomfortable. Sometimes, patients are asked to hold in any gas or breathe in specific ways to visualize organs better. This may result in mild temporary cramping or bloating. Letting the sonographer know is important to minimize any pain.

In most cases though, an abdominal ultrasound is not a painful procedure. The majority of discomfort is often due to the reason the test was ordered, rather than the test itself. Understanding that any pain should be minimal during this quick, safe and common imaging exam can help patients feel at ease.

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Is a gastroscopy different from an endoscopy ?

Gastroenterology

Is a gastroscopy different from an endoscopy ?

Endoscopy is a broad term referring to the visual examination of the inside of the body using an endoscope – a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera. Gastroscopy is a type of endoscopy used specifically to visually examine the upper digestive system including the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Also called an upper endoscopy or EGD (EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy), gastroscopy is commonly performed to investigate symptoms like dysphagia, heartburn, abdominal pain, nausea and bleeding. It enables direct visualization and tissue sampling of abnormal growths or inflammation to inform accurate diagnosis and management.

While endoscopy encompasses procedures examining diverse sites like the joints, bladder or respiratory system, gastroscopy focuses exclusively on the upper gastrointestinal tract. So while all gastroscopies are endoscopic procedures, not all endoscopies are gastroscopies.

In summary, gastroscopy is an upper endoscopy, allowing doctors to directly see portions of the upper digestive system using an endoscope inserted through the mouth. It has a more specific remit than a general endoscopic inspection. Understanding this distinction between these common procedures can help patients better comprehend their purpose and what to expect.

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Can low stomach acid cause symptoms ?

Gastroenterology

Can low stomach acid cause symptoms ?

Stomach acid, also referred to as gastric acid, is essential for proper digestion and nutrient absorption. Many people associate digestive symptoms like heartburn, reflux, bloating, and indigestion with excess stomach acid. However, emerging research suggests that low stomach acid, known as hypochlorhydria, could be an overlooked cause of these common digestive complaints in some people.

The main role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is to break down proteins and activate digestive enzymes. When stomach acid production is impaired, undigested food particles can make their way through the digestive tract, triggering uncomfortable symptoms. Some of the common signs of low stomach acid include bloating, belching, flatulence, burning sensations, and constipation or diarrhea. Nutrient deficiencies may also develop over time if food and supplements are not properly absorbed.

What causes low levels of stomach acid? Ageing is a key factor, with acid secretion declining naturally as we get older. Stress can also inhibit acid production. Long term use of antacids, proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, and antibiotics can impair acid secretion and cause dependence on these medications. Other contributing factors include chronic health conditions, infections like Helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune conditions.

Diagnosing hypochlorhydria can be challenging as there is no single definitive test. Signs and symptoms, risk factors, and response to supplemental hydrochloric acid may indicate deficient levels. Various laboratory tests can help rule out other conditions. Improving stomach acid levels focuses heavily on diet and lifestyle factors. Eating smaller, nutrient-dense whole foods meals, reducing stress, supporting nutrient status, and weaning off antacids may help restore adequate acid secretion in some individuals.

In summary, contrary to popular belief, many common digestive complaints could reflect insufficient stomach acid rather than excess acid. A holistic evaluation and management approach is key to determining if hypochlorhydria is an underlying cause of stubborn digestive symptoms. Further research is warranted to elucidate the prevalence, diagnostic criteria and optimal treatment for this underrecognized condition.

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What are gastric ulcers ?

Gastroenterology

What are gastric ulcers ?

Gastric ulcers, also known as stomach ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. While once thought to be primarily caused by stress and spicy foods, our understanding has evolved, shedding light on various factors contributing to the formation of these ulcers.

Understanding Gastric Ulcers:

  1. Helicobacter pylori Infection: A prevalent cause of gastric ulcers is the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach. This bacterium weakens the protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to erode the lining and create ulcers.

  2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Regular use of NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, can increase the risk of gastric ulcers by irritating the stomach lining and compromising its ability to resist the effects of acid.

  3. Excessive Stomach Acid Production: Conditions that result in the overproduction of stomach acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, can lead to the development of gastric ulcers.

  4. Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: Both smoking and excessive alcohol intake are recognized risk factors for gastric ulcers. These substances can weaken the protective lining of the stomach.

Symptoms of Gastric Ulcers:

  1. Burning Sensation: A common symptom is a burning pain in the stomach, often felt between meals and in the early hours of the morning.

  2. Nausea and Vomiting: Gastric ulcers can cause feelings of nausea and may lead to vomiting, particularly if the ulcer has progressed.

  3. Indigestion: Persistent indigestion and bloating are frequent symptoms associated with gastric ulcers.

  4. Unintended Weight Loss: Severe cases of gastric ulcers can lead to unintentional weight loss, as the pain may deter individuals from eating.

Management of Gastric Ulcers:

  1. Antibiotics: If Helicobacter pylori infection is identified, a course of antibiotics is prescribed to eliminate the bacteria.

  2. Acid-Reducing Medications: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers help reduce stomach acid, promoting healing of the ulcers.

  3. Avoidance of Irritants: Steering clear of NSAIDs, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol consumption are essential steps in managing and preventing gastric ulcers.

Conclusion:

Gastric ulcers are a treatable condition, and understanding their causes and symptoms is crucial for prompt intervention. Consulting with a healthcare professional allows for proper diagnosis and the development of an effective treatment plan tailored to individual needs. With the right approach, gastric ulcers can be managed, providing relief and promoting stomach health.

 

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Why Do You Feel Full Quickly?

Gastroenterology

What are the causes of feeling full very quickly?

The sensation of feeling full quickly, known as early satiety, can be a perplexing and discomforting experience for many. Understanding the underlying causes of this phenomenon is crucial in addressing potential health concerns and promoting overall well-being.

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Transnasal Gastroscopy

What is a transnasal gastroscopy ?

Gastroenterology

What is a transnasal gastroscopy ?

Medical advancements continue to redefine the landscape of diagnostic procedures, and one such innovation gaining prominence is the transnasal gastroscopy. Unlike traditional methods, this minimally invasive approach offers patients a more comfortable and convenient experience when examining the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Understanding Transnasal Gastroscopy:

Transnasal gastroscopy, also known as transnasal esophagoscopy or transnasal endoscopy, involves the insertion of a thin, flexible endoscope through the nasal passages to visualize the upper digestive system. Unlike conventional gastroscopy, which enters through the mouth, this procedure eliminates the need for sedation and offers a more patient-friendly alternative.

Benefits of Transnasal Gastroscopy:

  1. Reduced Discomfort: The transnasal approach minimizes discomfort associated with traditional gastroscopy, as it bypasses the throat and avoids triggering the gag reflex.

  2. No Sedation Required: Patients undergoing transnasal gastroscopy often appreciate the absence of sedation, allowing them to resume their daily activities promptly after the procedure.

  3. Convenience and Accessibility: The procedure is generally quicker and can be performed in an outpatient setting, providing a convenient option for individuals with busy schedules.

  4. Enhanced Tolerance: The gentle and flexible nature of the transnasal endoscope enhances patient tolerance, making it particularly suitable for those who may be hesitant about traditional gastroscopy.

Considerations and Preparation:

While transnasal gastroscopy offers numerous advantages, it may not be suitable for everyone. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate diagnostic approach based on their individual needs and medical history.

Conclusion:

The evolution of medical technology continues to bring about procedures that prioritize patient comfort without compromising diagnostic accuracy. Transnasal gastroscopy represents a step forward in this direction, offering a less invasive and more convenient option for examining the upper gastrointestinal tract. As healthcare advances, embracing such innovations ensures that patients can undergo necessary diagnostic procedures with increased ease and confidence.

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Can Vomiting be a sign of GERD ?

Gastroenterology

Can vomiting be a sign of GERD ?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition characterized by the chronic backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. While these symptoms are well-known, the association between GERD and vomiting may raise questions for those grappling with this troublesome disorder.

The Relationship Between GERD and Vomiting:

Vomiting is not typically considered a primary symptom of GERD; however, it can manifest in some cases. The reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus irritates the lining, triggering the body’s defense mechanisms. This irritation can extend to the upper gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to nausea and, in some instances, vomiting.

Possible Causes of Vomiting in GERD:

  1. Severe Reflux Episodes: Intense and prolonged episodes of acid reflux can induce irritation and discomfort, prompting the body to expel the contents of the stomach through vomiting.

  2. Aspiration of Gastric Contents: In severe cases of GERD, stomach contents may regurgitate into the airways, a phenomenon known as aspiration. This can stimulate the gag reflex, resulting in vomiting.

  3. Delayed Gastric Emptying: GERD may contribute to delayed gastric emptying, a condition where the stomach takes longer than usual to empty its contents. This delayed process can cause a feeling of fullness and lead to vomiting.

  4. Hiatial Hernia: Individuals with GERD are more prone to developing hiatal hernias, where a portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity. This anatomical anomaly can contribute to nausea and vomiting.

Managing GERD-Induced Vomiting:

  1. Lifestyle Modifications: Adopting lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, elevating the head of the bed during sleep, and avoiding large meals close to bedtime can help alleviate symptoms, including vomiting.

  2. Dietary Adjustments: Identifying and avoiding trigger foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits, spicy foods, and caffeine, can play a crucial role in managing GERD and reducing the likelihood of vomiting.

  3. Medications: Over-the-counter antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed to control acid reflux symptoms and prevent vomiting associated with GERD.

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Can Abdominal Adhesions cause abdominal pain?

Gastroenterology

Can Abdominal Adhesions cause abdominal pain?

Abdominal adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs within the abdominal cavity. While often asymptomatic, they have the potential to cause pain by restricting movement or pulling on sensitive structures.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Surgery, inflammation, or trauma can lead to the formation of abdominal adhesions. Those with a history of abdominal surgeries or inflammatory conditions are at an increased risk.

Connection to Abdominal Pain:

When adhesions limit the normal movement of organs, they can result in localized or diffuse abdominal pain. The severity and nature of the pain can vary, ranging from dull discomfort to sharp, intermittent twinges.

Diagnosis and Management:

Accurate diagnosis of abdominal adhesions often requires medical imaging. Management strategies include pain relief measures and, in some cases, surgical intervention to address adhesion-related issues.

Conclusion:

Abdominal adhesions serve as a potential contributor to abdominal pain. Understanding their role aids in comprehensive diagnosis and management, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches for individuals experiencing discomfort.

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